Waaqeffannaa (also spelled *Waaqeffanna*) is the indigenous, monotheistic religion of the Oromo people of Ethiopia and parts of Kenya. It centers on the worship of **Waaqa (God)**, a supreme, omnipresent deity associated with the sky, nature, and moral order.

Core Beliefs & Practices:

1. Waaqa (God) – The creator and sustainer of life, often referred to as *Waaqa Tokkicha* (the One God).

2. Ayyaana (Spirits) – Divine manifestations or intermediaries of Waaqa, linked to natural forces (e.g., rivers, mountains).

3. Uumaa (Nature) – Sacred connection to the environment; trees (*Odaa*), water, and land are revered.

4. Moral Code – Emphasizes truth (*dhugaa*), respect (*naagaa*), and balance (*safuu*—ethical harmony).

5. Rituals & Ceremonies – Led by *Qallu* (spiritual leaders), include:

– Irreechaa (Thanksgiving festival at lakesides).

– Thanksgiving prayers (*kadhannaa*) under sacred trees.

Modern Revival & Challenges:

– Suppression: Historically marginalized by Christianity/Islam and past Ethiopian governments.

– Revival: Since the 1990s, Oromo intellectuals and activists have worked to reclaim Waaqeffannaa as part of cultural identity.

– Irreechaa Festival: Now a major public celebration, symbolizing Oromo unity (e.g., annual event at Lake Hora Arsadi).

Connection to Women’s Roles:

– Equality: Waaqeffannaa traditionally granted women spiritual roles (e.g., *Qallitti*, female diviners).

– Feminist Reinterpretation: Some Oromo women activists draw on Waaqeffannaa’s principles (*safuu* = balance) to advocate for gender justice.